Artículos Definido-Indefinido

Definite article "The"

We use "The" with:

1. A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious what we are talking about, whether it is a person or thing:
-The lamp is next to the desk 
La lámpara esta a un lado del escritorio

2. Everything we immediately identify:
-We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last night. 
Nosotros miramos la nueva película de Bard Pitt anoche.

3. Musical instruments:

-She plays the piano.

Ella toca el piano.

4. Something that is unique or only one:

-The sun - El sol

-The moon - La luna

-The internet - El internet

Indefinite article

A and AN are indefinite articles. The differences depend on the sound at the beginning of the following word. 

When the next word begins with a consonant sound, the following is used:

"A"

1- A book - Un libro
2- A car - Un carro
3- A dog - Un perro
4- A lemon - Un limón

When the next word begins with a vowel sound we put:

"AN"

1- An apple - Una manzana
2- An insect - Un insecto
3- An orange - Una naranja
4- An umbrella - Una sombrilla

Be careful, the sound of the word is important.

A house but an hour. - The "H" at the beginning of "hour" is silent.

An uncle but a university. - The "U" at the beginning of "University" is a "you" sound.

This rule applies to all words after A or AN

• A cold day - Un día frío
• A very crazy person - Una persona muy loca
• An easy lesson - Una lección fácil
• An interesting class - Una clase interesante

                                                                                       Wendy Alvarez Alarcón

Used to

The structue USED TO in English is used to talk about past actions or situactions that were habitual but no longer happpen in the present.

Affirmative

Personal    ➕  Estructura   ➕ Verb in simple form ➕ Complement 

 noun                   Used To

Negative

Personal ➕Auxiliary ➕  Not➕Estructura➕Verb in simple form➕Complement

  noun              Did                           Use To

                         \____________/

                                      |

                                  Didn't

  

Interrogative

Auxiliary   ➕Personal ➕Estructura➕Verb in simple form➕complement➕ ?

Did                     noun           Used To

WH Questions

    WH     ➕Auxiliary ➕ Personal➕ Estructura➕Verb in ➕complement ➕  ?

Questions         did                 noun            Use To         simple form

Short Answers

(+)
Yes   ➕   Personal noun   ➕  Auxiliary

                                                     Did 

(-)

No   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary ➕   Not

                                                       Did  

                                                \__________________/

                                                                        |

                                                                    (Didn't) 

EXAMPLES

1.- I used to sleep until late.

     Yo estoy acostumbrada a dormir hasta tarde.  

2.- I didn't use to work at nights.

     Yo no solía trabajar por las noches.

3.- Did you used to play the piano?

     ¿Tú solías tocar el piano?

4.- What did you use to do on weekends?

    ¿Qué solías hacer los fines de semana?

Brenda Itzel Campos Hernández

Going to

The structure "going to" is used to express an immediate future, make predictions based on evidence , or talk about future plans and intentions.

Affirmative

Personal    ➕  Auxiliary     ➕ going to ➕ Verb in simple form ➕ Complement 

 noun               ( am, is, are) 

Negative

Personal ➕Auxiliary ➕  Not ➕going to➕Verb in simple form➕Complement

  noun           (am, is, are)

                         \____________/

                                          |

                              I'm not, isn't, aren't

Interrogative

Auxiliary   ➕Personal ➕going to➕Verb in simple form➕complement➕ ?

(am, is, are)      noun

WH Questions

WH ➕  Auxiliary ➕ Personal➕ going to ➕Verb in ➕ complement ➕  ?

Questions (am, is, are)       noun                       simple form

Short Answers

(+)
Yes   ➕   Personal noun   ➕  Auxiliary

                                                  (am, is, are)  

(-)

No   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary ➕   Not

                                                  (am, is, are)  

                                                \__________________/

                                                                        |

                                                       (I'm not, isn't, aren't) 

With which personal noun is the auxiliary AM, IS and ARE used?

I AM
You ARE
He IS
She IS
It IS
We ARE
They ARE

EXAMPLES

1.- I am going to study tonight.

     Voy a estudiar esta noche.  

2.- He is not going to play soccer tomorrow.

     Él no va a jugar fútbol mañana.

3.- Are they going to buy a new car?

     ¿Ellos van a comprar un auto nuevo?

4.- When is she going to start her new job?

    ¿Cuándo va a empezar su nuevo trabajo?

Andrea Lizbeth Chargoy Espinoza

Present Perfect

The present perfect is a grammatical tense of actions carried out in the past and that have repercussions in the present.

Affirmative 

Personal Noun   ➕     Auxiliary  ➕ Verb in participe➕  Complement

                                   (Have, Has ) 

Negative  

Personal Noun➕  Auxiliary  ➕Not ➕ Verb in participe➕Complement

                             (Have, Has )

                            \________________/

                                             |

                                 Haven't, Hasn't

Interrogative

Auxiliary ➕Personal Noun➕Verb in participe➕Complement ➕?   

(Have, Has )

WH Questions

     WH     ➕Auxiliary➕Personal Noun➕Verb in participe➕Complement ➕ ?

 Questions    (Have, Has )    

                                  

Short Answers

(+)
Yes   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary

                                                    (Have, Has )  

(-)

No   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary  (Have, Has)   ➕   Not

                                                 \_______________________________/

                                                                              |

                                                                   Haven't, Hasn't

                                                              

With which personal noun is the auxiliary Have and Has used?

I - Have

You - Have

He- Has

She- Has

It- Has

We- Have

They- Have

Examples

1.She has visited Paris.

Ella ha visitado París.

2.They have not finished their homework.

Ellos no han terminado su tarea.

3.Have you eaten breakfast?

¿Has desayunado?

4.Where have you been?

¿Dónde has estado?

 Wendy Alvarez Alarcón 

Brenda Itzel Campos Hernández

Past Progressive

 The past progressive tense is usually used to talk about actions in progress in the past that were interrupted by other actions, or to describe actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

Affirmative 

Personal Noun   ➕     Auxiliary  ➕ Verb in gerund➕  Complement

                                   (was, were ) 

Negative  

Personal Noun➕  Auxiliary  ➕Not ➕ Verb in gerund➕Complement

                             (was, were )

                            \________________/

                                             |

                                 wasn't, weren't

Interrogative

Auxiliary ➕Personal Noun➕Verb in gerund➕Complement ➕?   

(was, were )

WH Questions

     WH     ➕Auxiliary➕Personal Noun➕Verb in gerund➕Complement ➕ ?

 Questions    (was, were )    

                                  

Short Answers

(+)
Yes   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary

                                                    (was, were )  

(-)

No   ➕   Personal Noun   ➕   Auxiliary  (was, were)   ➕   Not

                                                 \_______________________________/

                                                                              |

                                                                   wasn't, weren't

                                                              

With which personal noun is the auxiliary WAS and WERE used?

I - WAS

You - WERE

He- WAS

She- WAS

It- WAS

We- WERE

They- WERE

EXAMPLES

1.-I was chatting on the phone.

Yo estaba hablando por teléfono.

2.-He wasn´t playing piano.

Él no estaba tocando piano.

3.-Were you eating pizza?

¿Estabas comiendo pizza?

4.-Where was my mom drinking beer?

¿Dónde estaba mi mamá bebiendo cerveza?

 

                                                                      

Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino

                                                                          Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico