Modals

Modals

A modal (or modal verb) is an auxiliary verb that modifies the meaning of the main verb in a sentence.

Can

It is a modal auxiliary verb that is used to express:

• Ability

• Possibility

• Requests

Link:Formulas en canva

Examples:

1.- She can sing very well.
Ella puede cantar muy bien.

2.-I can´t sleep on a sofa.

No puedo dormir en un sofá.

3.-Can you play the guitar?

¿Puedes tocar la guitarra?

Andrea Lizbeth Chargoy Espinoza

May

The auxiliary modal "may" it is used to express possibility and permission in English.

Examples:

1. It may rain tomorrow.

Puede que llueva mañana.

2. I may not go to the party.

Puede que no vaya a la fiesta.

 3. May I come in?

¿Puedo entrar?

                                                                                    Wendy Alvarez Alarcón

Should

The auxiliary modal "should" is used to make recommendations and suggestions.

Examples:

1.- You should clean your room

 Tu deberías limpiar tu habitación

2.- He shouldn´t eat in the classroom

El no debería comer en el salón de clases

3.- Should we study in the house?

¿Nosotros deberíamos estudiar en la casa?

Alarcón Tolentino Alejandra

Would

"Would" is a modal auxiliary verb used to talk about:

• Hypothetical or imaginary actions
• Wishes
• Past habits
• To make polite requests

Examples:

1. She would travel to Japan

   Ella viajaría a Japón

2. I wouldn't eat rice

   Yo no comería arroz

3. Would you like some coffee?

   ¿Te gustaría un poco de café?

Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico

Must

It is used for internal obligations, as well as for rules and laws. In the case of internal obligations, is used for something you know you should do, even though no one is asking you to do. 

Examples:

1. Carlos must make up early.

    Carlos debe despertar temprano.

2. You mustn´t sleep in class.

    Tú no debes dormir en clases.

3. Must we come to school from Monday to Friday?

   ¿Debemos venir a la esuela de Lunes a Viernes?

Brenda Itzel Campos Hernández 

Verbs regular and irregular

 Verbs are those words that express an action, existence or state in a sentence.

Examples

1.I call my friend everyday

Yo llamo a mi amigo todos los días 

2. She did not clean her room

Ella no limpió su habitación

3. Will you look the movie tomorrow?

¿Vas a ver la película mañana?

4. He is working in the pool

Él está trabajando en la piscina 

5. They aren´t  carrying their backpack

Ellos no están cargando su mochila

6.  We have eaten fish in your house

Hemos comido pescado en tu casa

7.  She has not sold her phone

Ella no ha vendido su teléfono

8. Have you swept your house?

¿Has barrido tu casa?

9. He used to draw in his notebook

Él solía dibujar en su libreta

10. The bird didn´t use to fly near my house

El pájaro no solía volar cerca de mi casa

         

                                                                                   Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino

Link:Tabla en canva

Examples:

1.- I study in the school.

Yo estudio en la escuela.

2.- She did not cry yesterday

Ella no lloró ayer.

3.-Will Pedro cook the dinner tomorrow?

¿Pedro cocinará la cena mañana? 

4.- He is visiting the cinema right now

Él está visitando el cine ahora mismo.

5.- The students are not asking the teacher

Los estudiantes no están preguntando al profesor.

6.-We have taught French

Hemos enseñado Francés

7.- Sofia has not beaten her sister

Sofia no ha golpeado a su hermana

8.-Have you driven to school?

¿Has conducido a la escuela?

9.- I used to win trophies.

Yo solía ganar trofeos

10.- They didn't use to pay for the bus.

Ellos no solían pagar el autobús

  

Andrea Lizbeth Chargoy Espinoza 

Examples:

1. I walk every day.

Yo camino todos los días.

2.  You did not smile last night.

No sonreíste anoche.

3. Will you plan activities for tomorrow?

¿Planearás las actividades para mañana?

4.She is helping her friend with homework.

Ella está ayudando a su amiga con la tarea.

5. We are opening a new store.

Nosotros estamos abriendo una nueva tienda.

6.  We have written a documentary.

Nosotros hemos escrito un documental.

7. I haven't thought about my parents.

No he pensado en mis padres.  

8. Has he spoken on the phone?

¿Él ha hablado por teléfono?

9. You used to sing in my house.

Tú solías cantar en mi casa.

10. I didn't use to run in the mornings.

Yo no solía correr por las mañanas.

                                                                                           Wendy Alvarez Alarcón

Examples

1. I dream about aventures every night. 

    Yo sueño con aventuras cada noche.

2. He did not explain the rules. 

    Él no explico las reglas.

3. Will you cook tomorrow?.

    ¿Cocinarás mañana?.

4. He is loving the moment.

    Él está amando el momento.

5. You are finishing your homework.

     Estás terminando tu tarea. 

6. She has gone to the beach for the weekend.

    Ella ha ido a la playa por el fin de semana.

7. We have not bought anything today.

     No hemos comprado nada hoy.

8. Have You had breakfast? 

    ¿Has desayunado?

9. I used to sleep late on weekends.

    Yo solía dormir tarde los fines de semana.

10. They did not use to feed their dog.

       Ellos no solían alimentar a su perro.

       

         

                                                     Brenda Itzel Campos Hernández

Examples:

1. I listen to music every night

    Yo escucho música todas las noches

2. He didn't play soccer last Monday

    Él no jugó fútbol el lunes pasado

3. Will she close her store?

   ¿Ella cerrará su tienda?

4. My brother is dancing with my friend

    Mi hermano está bailando con mi amiga

5. They are living together

    Ellos están viviendo juntos

6. I have read many books

    Yo he leído muchos libros

7. My friend hasn't ridden a motorcycle

    Mi amiga no ha montado una motocicleta

8. Have you said something?

    ¿Has dicho algo?

9. I used to drink beer with my cousin

    Yo solía beber cerveza con mi primo

10. My mom didn't use to swim in the pool

     Mi mamá no solía nadar en la piscina

Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico

 

Adjectives

 Adjectives

An adjective is the word that qualifies the noun, expressing it´s characteristics or qualities. It serves to  describe a characteristics in a single word.

Pronombre ➕ Verb To Be  ➕ Adjective ➕ Complement

                        (am, is, are)

Examples

1. The house is big

La casa es grande

2. Maria is intelligent

Maria es inteligente

3. The clasrrooms are clean everyday

Los salones están limpios todos los dias

                                                             

                                                                                 Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino

Rule for comparatives and superlatives:

Regular Adjectives

They are adjectives that follow a consistent form when changing degree or when applied to different nouns. 

Regular adjectives are words that describe qualities or characteristics of people, objects, or places.

 

How are they formed?

These adjectives form the  comparative by adding "er" to the adjective and adding the word "than".

 They form the superlative by placing the word "the" before the adjective and adding "est" to the end of the adjective.

Examples:

1.- My car is old

Mi carro es viejo.

2.- My grandfather is older than my father

Mi abuelo es mas viejo que mi padre.

3.- Mario is the oldest student in the class

Mario es el estudiante más viejo en la clase.

                                                                                Andrea Lizbeth Chargoy Espinoza

 

Monosyllabic adjectives 

They are adjectives that end in a single consonant and are preced by a single vowel.

How are their superlative and comparative forms made?

These form their comparative by doubling the last consonant and adding "ER" to the adjetive plus the word "THAN".

These adjectives from the superlative by placing the word "THE" before the adjective, doubling the last consonant, and adding "EST" to the end of the adjective.

Examples

1. The house is big

  La casa es grande

2. Today it is hotter than yesterday

Hoy hace más calor que ayer

3. My clothes are the wettest in the house

    Mi ropa es la más mojada en la casa.

                                                                                        Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino

Adjectives ending in "y"

Adjectives ending in "Y" form their comparative by changing the "Y" to "I" and adding "ER" to the adjective plus the word "Than." These adjectives form the superlative by placing the word "The" before the adjective, changing the "Y" to "i" on the adjective, and adding "EST" at the end.

Examples

1. I woke up early.

Me desperté temprano.

2. My sister is heavier than me.

Mi hermana es más pesada que yo.

3. This is the dirtiest room in the house.

Esta es la habitación más sucia de la casa.

                                                                                         Wendy Alvarez Alarcón

Two or more syllabe adjectives

These adjectives form their comparative by placing the word "MORE" before the adjective without changing it, followed by the word "THAN"at the end.

They form their superlative by placing the words "THE MOST" before the adjective, the adjective remains unchanged.

Examples:

1. He is intelligent

    Él es inteligente

2. My bag is more expensive than yours

   Mi bolso es más caro que el tuyo

3. This class is the most boring of the week

    Esta clase es la más aburrida de la semana

Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

Irregular adjectives do not have an exact way of forming their comparative an  superlative forms, so they must be memorizedo.

Examples:

1. This restaurant is better than the one we went to yesterday.

    Este restaurante es mejor que el que visitamos ayer. 

2. That was the worst day of my live.

   Ese fue el peor dia de mi vida.

Brenda Itzel Campos Hernández

Coparatives of equiality

 We use comparatives of equality to say that two things, places, people or animals have equal or identical characteristics.

Affirmative

Personal Noun➕ Verb To Be➕ As ➕ Adjective➕  As ➕ Complement

                             (am, is, are)

Negative

Personal Noun➕ Verb To Be➕Not➕  As ➕ Adjective➕  As ➕ Complement

                             (am, is, are)

                               \_____________/

                                          |

                              I'm not, isn't, aren't

Interrogative

 Verb To Be➕Personal Noun➕ As ➕ Adjective➕  As ➕ Complement➕?

(am, is, are)

With which personal noun is the auxiliary AM, IS and ARE used?

I AM                                  She IS

You ARE                           It IS

He IS                                 We ARE

They ARE

 Examples

1. He is as big as his broher

    Él es tan grande como su hermano

2. She is not as strong as her father

    Ella no es tan fuerte como su padre

3. Am I as tall as the door?

  ¿Soy tan alto como la puerta?

Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico

Second Conditional

 The second conditional is used to express hypothetical or unreal situations in the present or future, situations that are unlikely or impossible to occur. 

Examples

1.-If I listened to my teacher, I would be more intelligent

   Si yo escuchará a mi maestra, yo sería más inteligente.

2.- If you didn't break the window, you would not buy a new one

   Si tu no rompieras la ventana, no comprarías una nueva

3.- If I were rich, would I buy a house?

    Si fuera rico, ¿me compraría una casa?

                                                                                             Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino

Zero Conditional

We use the zero conditional in situations where if a condition is met, the same result always occurs. In other words, it's a type of conditional used to:
    *Express a cause-effect relationship in facts that are always true.

    *Give instructions.

The structure of the zero conditional consists of sentences composed of two phrases.

The order of the two phrases can be inverted.

                                                    

With which personal noun is the auxiliary Do (Don´t) and Does (Doesn´t) used?

I - Do, Don't

You - Do, Don't

He- Does, Doesn't

She- Does, Doesn't

It- Does, Doesn't

We- Do, Don't

They- Do, Don't

Examples

1. If you study everyday, you get goodgrades.

Si estudias todos los días, tú obtienes buenas notas.

2. If I don´t clean my room,it´s dirty all the time

Si no limpio mi habitación, está sucia todo el tiempo.

3. If they play music, do you dance?

Si ellos ponen música, ¿tú bailas?

 Ariadna Yamilet Vigueras Mónico

First Conditional 

The first conditional is used to express posible or real situations in the future and their consequences.

With which personal noun is the auxiliary DO  and DOES used?

I            DO                                         She     DOES

You       DO                                          He      DOES

We        DO                                          It        DOES

They     DO

 

Examples

(+) Affirmative
 If we graduate from collage this year, we will make a party.
 Si nos graduamos de la universidad este año, haremos una fiesta.                                                                                                                                                                                                            

(-) Neggative
If he doesn’t study for the test, he won’t pass.
Si él no estudia para el examen, no va a pasar.

(?) Interrogatorio

Will you be tired if you don’t sleep well tonight?
¿Estarás cansado si no duermes bien esta noche?

BRENDA ITZEL CAMPOS HERNANDEZ

ANDREA CHARGOY ESPINOZA

There is/ There are

"There is" and "There are" are used to indicate the presence of something in a specific place, the location of objects, or their quantity. In this structure, the word "there" acts as a formal subject and has no meaning. "There is" is used when the noun that follows is singular, and "There are" when the noun is plural.

Affirmative 

There is   ➕   Singular Noun ➕ Complement 

There are   ➕   Plural Noun ➕ Complement 

 

Negative 

There is➕  Not ➕ Singular Noun ➕ Complement

 \____________/

              |

           isn't

There are➕  Not ➕ Plural Noun ➕ Complement

 \____________/

              |

           aren´t

Interrogative

Is ➕  there ➕   Singular Noun ➕ Complement  ➕  ?

Are ➕  there ➕   Plural Noun ➕ Complement   ➕ ?

WH Questions

 WH Questions ➕   Is➕  there ➕   Plural Noun ➕ Complement ➕ ?

WH Questions ➕   Are➕  there ➕   Singular Noun ➕ Complement ➕ ?

Short Answers

(+)
Yes   ➕   There ➕  is/are   

(-)

No   ➕ There ➕  is/are  ➕Not 

                              \____________/

                                          |

                                isn't/ aren't

EXAMPLES

1.-There is a dog  in my house

 Hay un perro en mi casa

2.-There aren´t many students in the classroom

No hay muchos estudiantes en el salón

3.-Is there a cat in the park?

¿Hay un gato en el parque?

4.-Where are there some cookies?

¿Dónde hay algunas galletas?

                                                                                                                   Alejandra Alarcón Tolentino